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十二指肠
学习目标
完成本学习单元后，你将能够：
- 识别十二指肠的四个部分及其边界的标志结构。
- 说出十二指肠的主要功能。
- 理解十二指肠的内部结构。
- 掌握十二指肠的解剖学毗邻关系。
浏览图谱
十二指肠是小肠的第一段，从胃的幽门括约肌延伸至空肠。它可分为上部、降部、水平部和升部四个部分。仅上部的近端段位于腹膜内位器官，因此是最具活动性的部分，而十二指肠的其余部分均位于腹膜外位器官。其功能包括稀释和中和消化液、消化和处理从胃传来的食糜、接收胰酶和胆汁，以及吸收多种营养物质。十二指肠壁由四个主要层次组成：内层为黏膜（含明确的环形皱襞，即克尔克林皱襞）、其下方为黏膜下层，以及双层的肌层。
:watermark(/images/watermark_5000_10percent.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/overview_image/26/5yQfB9TmrnHq2GYiBAYFgA_duodenum_cn.jpg){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_5000_10percent.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/overview_image/3933/2DgvZV7lPEfUtvAyyHalw_microanatomy-of-the-small-intestine-level-1_cn.jpg){kind=logo}
在本解剖图谱画廊中，逐一探索十二指肠的各个部分。
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/pyloric-sphincter-1/DwFkGzKwLUN801u8yynA_Pyloric_sphincter.png "幽门括约肌 (Pyloric sphincter)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/pars-superior-duodeni-4/LTsEAUAztfc4sms8KZPxw_Pars_superior__Ampulla_01.png "十二指肠上部 (Superior part of duodenum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/pars-descendens-duodeni-2/4k4hlgOOWbdlKXk51o8wpw_Pars_descendens_01.png "十二指肠降部 (Descending part of duodenum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/pars-horizontalis-duodeni-3/bmHUOLh8tlP2oyKqdJsU0Q_Pars_horizontalis_01.png "十二指肠水平部 (Horizontal part of duodenum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/pars-ascendens-duodeni-2/ol8TKKfsBDTRC8SzertA_Pars_ascendens_01.png "十二指肠升部 (Ascending part of duodenum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/jejunum-3/0wJ5z7L9YhiDgW7UiXqmPQ_Jejunum_01.png "空肠 (Jejunum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/flexura-duodeni-superior/U79V7sJTj742eckrxXEbQ_Flexura_duodeni_superior_01.png "十二指肠上曲 (Superior duodenal flexure)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/flexura-duodeni-inferior/72Meazson1nAUUigIHrg_Flexura_duodeni_inferior_01.png "十二指肠下曲 (Inferior duodenal flexure)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/flexura-duodenojejunalis-2/o4YiZpyVOZWwqhc1I1Few_Flexura_duodenojejunalis_01.png "十二指肠空肠曲 (Duodenojejunal flexure)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/stratum-longitudinale-tunicae-muscularis-duodeni-2/bSFD3jOCjMtWZ1a0gYCAlw_Stratum_longitudinale_tunicae_muscularis_01.png "十二指肠肌层纵层 (Longitudinal layer of muscular coat of duodenum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/stratum-circulare-tunicae-muscularis-duodeni/XIDiSP4w2qNq0hUxbgtlQ_Stratum_circulare_tunicae_muscularis_01.png "十二指肠肌层环层 (Circular layer of muscular coat of duodenum)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/tela-submucosa/DDmLmPvrhcbUmtHg5ZWoA_Tela_submucosa_01.png "黏膜下层 (Submucosa)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/plicae-circulares/pYusk5mdz7l3ZC8MF64Hjg_Plicae_circulares__Kerckring_01.png "环形皱襞（克尔克林氏皱襞） (Circular folds (of Kerckring))；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/papilla-duodeni-major/dgYDkzvRcyuMF0WJ95GSfg_Papilla_duodeni_major__Vater_01.png "十二指肠大乳头 (Major duodenal papilla)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/ductus-choledochus-3/IKpkiievb426Yvq0NXWEHA_Ductus_choledochus__biliaris_01.png "胆管 (Bile duct)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/ductus-pancreaticus/wTFTOSPbRDV1XKADUuaAKA_Ductus_pancreaticus__Wirsung_01.png "胰管 (Pancreatic duct)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/papilla-duodeni-minor/xH65J8wzemZw8ByxdSSQ_Papilla_duodeni_minor_01.png "十二指肠小乳头 (Minor duodenal papilla)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/ductus-pancreaticus-accessorius/xg0FqJZo3lsGzOZ5HZ1sw_Ductus_pancreaticus_accessorius__Santorini_01.png "副胰管 (Accessory pancreatic duct)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
幽门括约肌
Pyloric sphincter
1/18
同义词：
无
现在请将注意力转向十二指肠的解剖学毗邻关系。
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/ligamentum-hepatoduodenale-2/eTnV4Y5vuxkeUwRJWllLVA_Ligamentum_hepatoduodenale.png "肝十二指肠韧带 (Hepatoduodenal ligament)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/suspensory-muscle-of-duodenum/xCVFwXOjeVpIte4MwVkzA_Ligament_of_Treitz_copy.png "十二指肠悬韧带 (Suspensory muscle of duodenum)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/caput-pancreatis-2/VHgOPTMweiY7qzPpFDe1TQ_Caput_pancreatis_01.png "胰头 (Head of pancreas)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/pancreas-2/iRz7z52pnHVWRVus9m4qeg_Pancreas_01.png "胰 (Pancreas)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/aorta-abdominalis-7/tDqq1SNIyBeGgaJoJPQpg_Aorta_01.png "腹主动脉 (Abdominal aorta)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/vena-portae-hepatis-5/sQapminv4AdCfGGWVBhgg_V._portae_hepatis_01.png "肝门静脉 (Hepatic portal vein)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/vena-cava-inferior-9/plT2VdBYEjh2F7OSjnPFQA_V._cava_inferior_01.png "下腔静脉 (Inferior vena cava)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/gastroduodenal-artery-2/DZFVRZqL7wRmq5XeCpJA_Arteria_gastroduodenalis_magnified.png "胃十二指肠动脉 (Gastroduodenal artery)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/ren-dexter-4/cqNtEBHwOD8jFWqIF8PpQ_Ren_dexter_01.png "右肾 (Right kidney)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/ureter-dexter-5/J65N1zYxMUnyaZU2EvdNFQ_Ureter_dextra_01.png "右输尿管 (Right ureter)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/arteria-mesenterica-superior-2/6oiopkHQCXW0T2nESL8qoA_A._mesenterica_superior_01.png "肠系膜上动脉 (Superior mesenteric artery)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/vena-mesenterica-superior-2/TILPR62Hxr1nFMScEB82w_V._mesnterica_superior_01.png "肠系膜上静脉 (Superior mesenteric vein)；图像：Begoña Rodriguez"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/right-lobe-of-the-liver-2/76UlktMEnOXME3OPYldqNg_Lobus_hepatis_dexter.png "肝右叶 (Right lobe of liver)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/watermark_only.png,0,0,0):watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/learnable/gallbladder-2/wYR6s3jbxMrbnKYSMTSvpA_Vesica_biliaris.png "胆囊 (Gallbladder)；图像：Irina Münstermann"){kind=logo}
肝十二指肠韧带
Hepatoduodenal ligament
1/15
同义词：
无
进行测验
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小结
| 组成部分 |
上部：起自幽门括约肌，止于十二指肠上曲 降部：起自十二指肠上曲，止于十二指肠下曲 水平部：起自十二指肠下曲，止于升部 升部：起自水平部，止于十二指肠空肠曲 |
| 内部结构 |
黏膜（含环形皱襞，即克尔克林皱襞） 黏膜下层 肌层（外层为纵行肌，内层为环行肌） |
| 开口 |
十二指肠大乳头——开口于肝胰壶腹（接收胰液和胆汁） 十二指肠小乳头——开口于副胰管（引流胰液） |
| 韧带 |
肝十二指肠韧带（为小网膜的一部分） 十二指肠悬肌（又称特里茨韧带） |
| 毗邻关系 |
十二指肠弯曲处内——胰头（包绕胰头） 后方——腹主动脉、肝门静脉、下腔静脉、胃十二指肠动脉、胆总管、右肾、输尿管、腰大肌、第3腰椎、右生殖血管 前方——肠系膜上动脉、肠系膜上静脉、胆囊、肝右叶 |
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